[−][src]Crate tokio

A runtime for writing reliable, asynchronous, and slim applications.

Tokio is an event-driven, non-blocking I/O platform for writing asynchronous applications with the Rust programming language. At a high level, it provides a few major components:

Guide level documentation is found on the website.

A Tour of Tokio

Tokio consists of a number of modules that provide a range of functionality essential for implementing asynchronous applications in Rust. In this section, we will take a brief tour of Tokio, summarizing the major APIs and their uses.

The easiest way to get started is to enable all features. Do this by enabling the full feature flag:

tokio = { version = "0.2", features = ["full"] }

Feature flags

Tokio uses a set of feature flags to reduce the amount of compiled code. It is possible to just enable certain features over others. By default, Tokio does not enable any features but allows one to enable a subset for their use case. Below is a list of the available feature flags. You may also notice above each function, struct and trait there is listed one or more feature flags that are required for that item to be used. If you are new to Tokio it is recommended that you use the full feature flag which will enable all public APIs. Beware though that this will pull in many extra dependencies that you may not need.

Note: AsyncRead and AsyncWrite traits do not require any features and are always available.

Internal features

These features do not expose any new API, but influence internal implementation aspects of Tokio, and can pull in additional dependencies. They are not included in full:

Authoring applications

Tokio is great for writing applications and most users in this case shouldn't worry too much about what features they should pick. If you're unsure, we suggest going with full to ensure that you don't run into any road blocks while you're building your application.

Example

This example shows the quickest way to get started with Tokio.

tokio = { version = "0.2", features = ["full"] }

Authoring libraries

As a library author your goal should be to provide the lighest weight crate that is based on Tokio. To achieve this you should ensure that you only enable the features you need. This allows users to pick up your crate without having to enable unnecessary features.

Example

This example shows how you may want to import features for a library that just needs to tokio::spawn and use a TcpStream.

tokio = { version = "0.2", features = ["rt-core", "tcp"] }

Working With Tasks

Asynchronous programs in Rust are based around lightweight, non-blocking units of execution called tasks. The tokio::task module provides important tools for working with tasks:

The tokio::task module is present only when the "rt-core" feature flag is enabled.

The tokio::sync module contains synchronization primitives to use when needing to communicate or share data. These include:

The tokio::sync module is present only when the "sync" feature flag is enabled.

The tokio::time module provides utilities for tracking time and scheduling work. This includes functions for setting timeouts for tasks, delaying work to run in the future, or repeating an operation at an interval.

In order to use tokio::time, the "time" feature flag must be enabled.

Finally, Tokio provides a runtime for executing asynchronous tasks. Most applications can use the #[tokio::main] macro to run their code on the Tokio runtime. In use-cases where manual control over the runtime is required, the tokio::runtime module provides APIs for configuring and managing runtimes.

Using the runtime requires the "rt-core" or "rt-threaded" feature flags, to enable the basic single-threaded scheduler and the thread-pool scheduler, respectively. See the runtime module documentation for details. In addition, the "macros" feature flag enables the #[tokio::main] and #[tokio::test] attributes.

Asynchronous IO

As well as scheduling and running tasks, Tokio provides everything you need to perform input and output asynchronously.

The tokio::io module provides Tokio's asynchronous core I/O primitives, the AsyncRead, AsyncWrite, and AsyncBufRead traits. In addition, when the "io-util" feature flag is enabled, it also provides combinators and functions for working with these traits, forming as an asynchronous counterpart to std::io. When the "io-driver" feature flag is enabled, it also provides utilities for library authors implementing I/O resources.

Tokio also includes APIs for performing various kinds of I/O and interacting with the operating system asynchronously. These include:

Examples

A simple TCP echo server:

use tokio::net::TcpListener;
use tokio::prelude::*;

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    let mut listener = TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:8080").await?;

    loop {
        let (mut socket, _) = listener.accept().await?;

        tokio::spawn(async move {
            let mut buf = [0; 1024];

            // In a loop, read data from the socket and write the data back.
            loop {
                let n = match socket.read(&mut buf).await {
                    // socket closed
                    Ok(n) if n == 0 => return,
                    Ok(n) => n,
                    Err(e) => {
                        eprintln!("failed to read from socket; err = {:?}", e);
                        return;
                    }
                };

                // Write the data back
                if let Err(e) = socket.write_all(&buf[0..n]).await {
                    eprintln!("failed to write to socket; err = {:?}", e);
                    return;
                }
            }
        });
    }
}

Modules

io

Traits, helpers, and type definitions for asynchronous I/O functionality.

net

TCP/UDP/Unix bindings for tokio.

prelude

A "prelude" for users of the tokio crate.

runtime

The Tokio runtime.

sync

Synchronization primitives for use in asynchronous contexts.

task

Asynchronous green-threads.

time

Utilities for tracking time.

Macros

pin

Pins a value on the stack.

Functions

spawn

Spawns a new asynchronous task, returning a JoinHandle for it.